Unit 1 Introduction to tractors

5 lecture hours

• 1.1 History of Tractors.  Origin of tractors.  Founder of tractors.  Pre-mechanization and early mechanization: animal-drawn implements
• need for mechanization. 1.2 Definition and functions of tractor. 1.3 Classification of tractors.  Based on power
• application  Wheel
• utility tractors  Electric
• hybrid and autonomous tractors 1.4 Comparison of tractors with road automobiles

Unit 2 Tractor construction and major systems

15 lecture hours

• 2.1 General layout of a farm tractor. 2.2 Types of tractor engines: Gasoline engine
• diesel engine
• CNG engines
• biofuel engines
• electric engines, and hybrid engines. 2.3 Tractor clutches: Single-plate
• split (independent PTO) 2.4 Tractor Transmission: Basic: Sliding mesh
• constant mesh, and synchromesh gearbox
• Advance and automatic: Collar-shift
• power shuttle
• powershift/semi powershift
• hydrostatic (HST), CVT, range selector
• creeper gears. 2.5 Differential and Final Drive: Bull gear
• planetary final drive
• differential lock. 2.6 Steering system: Manual and power steering in tractors. 2.7 Braking system: Mechanical
• oil-immersed brakes
• independent wheel braking for turning. 2.8 Tractor controls and instruments: hand/foot throttle
• gear levers
• PTO lever
• hydraulic levers
• differential lock pedal
• gauges and warning lights

Unit 3 Tractor hydraulic system, hitching, PTO and Farm implements

• 3.1 Tractor Hydraulics: Types
• functions and uses. 15 35% Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Automobile Engineering Subject Code: DI05002061 Subject Name: Tractor and Farm Equipment w.e.f. 2026-27 http://syllabus.gtu.ac.in/ Page no. 3 of 9 3.2 Draft
• mixed control
• Automatic Depth and Draft Control (ADDC) and Electric Quick Raise and Lower (EQRL) and Directional Control Valve (DCV). 3.3 Tractor Hitches: Three-point hitch
• drawbar hitch
• quick hitch systems, and front hitches. 3.4 Power Take-Off (PTO): Types (independent PTO, live PTO, transmission PTO, split shaft PTO)
• PTO shaft splines and speeds (540/1000 rpm). 3.5 Tractor ballast and traction: front and rear ballast
• tyre selection
• inflation pressure
• wheel weights and liquid ballast
• effect on tractive efficiency and soil compaction. 3.6 Farm implements:  Primary tillage: mould board plough
• disc plough
• chisel plough
• subsoiler.  Secondary tillage: cultivators
• harrows (disc
• puddler.  Sowing/planting: seed drill
• seed-cum-fertilizer drill
• planter.  Intercultural and plant protection equipment: tractor-drawn cultivators
• rotary weeders
• sprayers and dusters.  Hitching of implements to tractor: mounted
• trailed implements and tipping adjustment: safe hitching practices

Unit 4 Tractor Operation, maintenance, and safety

5 lecture hours

• 4.1 Tractor operation: Pre-start checks
• starting and stopping procedures
• basic field operation techniques for different implements. 4.2 Tractor Maintenance: Daily/periodic maintenance schedule
• lubrication charts
• filter service
• cooling system checks
• tyre care, and storage. 4.3 Implement maintenance: Replacement of wear parts (shares
• adjustments and off-season storage. 4.4 Safety: General safety rules in field and road operation
• roll-over hazards and stability
• basic legal provisions related to dangerous machines and road traffic for tractors and trailers

Unit 5 An overview on Recent developments and Future scope in tractors 05 10%

• Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Automobile Engineering Subject Code: DI05002061 Subject Name: Tractor and Farm Equipment w.e.f. 2026-27 http://syllabus.gtu.ac.in/ Page no. 4 of 9 & farm equipment 5.1 Recent development:  Advanced Engines (CRDI
• variable geometry turbochargers, and electronic engine management systems)  Alternative Fuels (CNG
• ethanol blended fuels, and hybrid systems)  Electrification-Zero emissions technology  Smart cab and human factor (Digital touchscreen and joystick controls
• ergonomic seats and steering
• climate-controlled cabs
• reduced vibration and noise
• easy-to-use controls
• better visibility) 5.2 Future scope:  Precision farming and smart implements
• (Tractors are now equipped with AI, IoT sensors, and GPS/GNSS to optimize automated farming)  Autonomous and driver-assist tractors (tractors using GPS, RTK, LiDAR
• cameras, and control algorithms
• auto steer
• lane keeping
• semi auto headland turns)  Sustainability and policy aspects (low and zero emission standards
• shared tractor as a service (TaaS) models)