Unit 1 Design and Construction of Instruments

5 lecture hours

• Instrument Design
• The Designer’s Viewpoint
• Marketing Special Instruments
• Elements of Construction
• Electronic Components and Printed Circuits
• Surface-Mounted Assemblies
• Interconnections Materials
• Mechanical Manufacturing
• Functional Components Construction of Electronic Instruments
• Site Mounting
• Panel Mounting Bench-Mounting Instruments
• Rack-Mounting Instruments
• Portable Instruments Encapsulation
• Mechanical Instruments
• Kinematic Design
• Proximity Transducer Load Cell
• Combined Actuator Transducer

Unit 2 Instrument Installation and Commissioning

5 lecture hours

• General Requirements
• Storage and Protection
• Mounting and Accessibility
• Piping Systems
• Air Supplies
• Pneumatic Signals
• Impulse Lines Cabling
• Cable Types
• Cable Segregation
• Grounding General Requirements
• Testing and Pre-Commissioning
• General Pre-Installation Testing
• Piping and Cable Testing
• Loop Testing Plant Commissioning

Unit 3 Sampling 5 10 %

• Importance of Sampling
• Representative Sample
• Parts of Analysis Equipment
• Time Lags
• Construction Materials
• Sample System Components
• Gas Pumps
• Liquid Flow Measurement and Indication
• Pressure Reduction and Vaporization
• Typical Sample Systems

Unit 4 Telemetry

5 lecture hours

• Communication Channels
• Transmission Lines
• Radio Frequency Transmission
• Fiber-Optic Communication
• Signal Multiplexing
• Pulse Encoding
• Carrier Wave Modulation
• Error Detection and Correction Codes
• Direct Analog Signal Transmission
• Frequency Transmission
• Digital Signal Transmission Modems
• Data Transmission and Interfacing

Unit 5 Reliability in Instrumentation and Control

10 lecture hours

• Reliability Principles and Terminology
• Definition of Reliability
• Reliability and MTBF
• The Exponential Failure Law, Availability Choosing Optimum Reliability
• Compound Systems
• Reliability Assessment
• Component Failure Rates
• Variation of Failure Rate with Time
• Failure Modes
• The Effect of Temperature on Failure Rates
• Estimating Component Temperature
• The Effect of Operating Voltage on Failure Rates
• Accelerated Life Tests
• Component Screening
• Confidence Limits and Confidence Level
• Assembly Screening
• Dealing with the Wear-out Phase
• Estimating System Failure Rate
• Parallel Systems
• Environmental Testing
• System Design
• Signal Coding
• Digitally Coded Systems
• Performance Margins in System Design
• Coping with Tolerance
• Component Tolerances
• Temperature Effects
• Design Automation
• Built-in Test Equipment
• Sneak Circuits
• Building High-Reliability Systems
• Reliability Budgets
• Component Selection
• The Use of Redundancy
• Redundancy with Majority Voting
• The Level of Redundancy Analog Redundancy
• Common Mode Faults
• The Human Operator in Control and, Instrumentation
• The Scope for Automation
• Features of the Human Operator

Unit 6 Safety

5 lecture hours

• Electrocution Risk
• Earthling (Grounding) and Bonding Flammable Atmospheres
• Other Safety Aspects

Unit 7 EMC

5 lecture hours

• Compatibility between Systems
• The Scope of EMC, Interference Coupling Mechanisms
• Source and Victim
• Emissions Susceptibility
• Layout, and Grounding
• Digital and Analog Circuit Design
• Filtering, and Shielding